In the early 1800s, as Europe was embroiled in a brutal conflict, conspiracy theories began to flourish across America. The Illuminati, a secret organization founded in Germany, became the bogeyman of the young democracy. Although the Illuminati had little real influence in America, partisan newspapers and preachers spread tales of their alleged plot to seize control of the country and abolish Christianity in favor of godlessness and depravity.

Conspiracy theorists believed that the Illuminati was responsible for the Reign of Terror in France, a wave of executions and persecutions that followed the French Revolution. They feared that a similar fate awaited America. From the infamous witch trials in Salem to the fears of the Illuminati, conspiracy theories have always been a dark counterprogramming to the American story taught in history books. These theories reveal deep-rooted anxieties about racial and religious strife, as well as technological and economic change.

One of the most persistent conspiracy theories in American history is the belief in secret societies. The Illuminati, despite being defunct by 1800, continued to be a source of paranoia and suspicion. Claims spread that Illuminati agents were working undercover to take over the federal government, outlaw Christianity, and promote sexual promiscuity and devil worship. These rumors played a significant role in the 1800 presidential race between President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson.

The Federalist Party, supporting Adams, circulated rumors that Jefferson was an atheist who would hand America over to France if elected president. Although Jefferson won the election, the Federalists never fully recovered from the damage caused by these conspiracy theories. The Illuminati faded into the background, but the Freemasons soon emerged as the new target of conspiracy theories.

The Freemasons, a fraternal organization that counted many leading figures, including George Washington, as members, became the subject of whispers suggesting a satanic conspiracy bent on ruling the world. These theories gained traction due to the anxiety that followed the American Revolution. Many people were uncertain about the future of the country and sought explanations for their fears.

The Illuminati and the Freemasons continue to make appearances in conspiracy theories even today. Their alleged influence and secretive nature make them perfect fodder for those seeking alternative explanations for historical events. The middle of the 19th century also saw the rise of new religious movements during the Second Great Awakening. One such group, the Millerites, led by William Miller, predicted the end of the world on October 22, 1844, based on numeric clues in the Bible.

Before the appointed day, many of Miller's followers sold or gave away their possessions and gathered on high land, believing it would hasten their reunion with God. When October 22 passed without incident, the event became known as the "Great Disappointment." Some returned to their old lives, while others insisted that the end had come, albeit invisibly.

Conspiracy theories have had a lasting impact on American society, influencing politics, culture, and even healthcare. The recent rise of QAnon, a conspiracy theory that claims a powerful cabal of child-sacrificing satanists secretly shapes world events, bears striking similarities to the hysteria surrounding the Illuminati. Both emerged at times of uncertainty, polarization, and distrust.

Jon Graham, an expert on the Illuminati, notes that the alternative narrative to mainstream history never truly goes away. These theories often reflect the anxieties of society and can survive on the fringes for decades before resurfacing with new details, villains, and heroes. In some cases, these beliefs can even lead to violent action, as seen during the storming of the U.S. Capitol by supporters of former President Donald Trump on January 6, 2021.

Conspiracy theories are a reflection of the erosion of trust in a healthy democracy. When citizens lose faith in institutions and the mainstream narrative, they turn to alternative explanations that provide a sense of control and certainty. Understanding the psychological reasons behind belief in these theories is crucial, as is finding ways to help individuals and society escape their grip.

In conclusion, conspiracy theories have a long history in the United States and continue to influence various aspects of society. From the Illuminati to the Freemasons, and now QAnon, these theories reveal deep-rooted anxieties and fears. They can survive on the fringes for decades, resurfacing during times of social upheaval and economic dislocation. The impact of these theories on individuals and society is significant, highlighting the importance of maintaining trust in a healthy democracy.